PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE
INTRODUCTION:-
A language
is a system communication. A programming language consists of all the symbols,
characters and usage of rules that permit people to communicate with computer.
There are at least several hundred, possibly several thousand, different
programming languages and dialects. Some of these are created to serve special
purpose, while others are more flexible general purpose tools that are suitable
for many type of applications. However, every programming language must have
instructions that fall into the familiar input/output, text manipulation/
calculation and storage/retrieval categories.
TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:-
¦ Machine
Language
¦ Low Level
Languages
¦ High Level
Languages
¦ Visual
Languages
r MACHINE LANGUAGE:-
A
computer’s machine language consists of binary numbers (0s and 1s) and is the
only one of the processor directly “understand”. Originally, programs are
written in machine language. This is also called first generation programming
languages.
Now a days,
programs are written in special and general purpose languages, but these
programs must still be translate into machine language of the computer before
the program can be executed.
Demerits of machine Language:-
¦ Difficult
to write
¦ Difficult
to understand
¦ Work on
operation code known as op code and operand
¦ Consists of
binary numbers
¦ Computer
readable form not in human readable form
r LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGE OR ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:-
This
language is also called Second Generation Language. To ease the programmer’s
Burdon, mnemonic operation codes and symbolic addresses were developed in the
early 1950s. the word mnemonic (pronounced) by (‘ne-mon-ik) refers memory aid.
One of the first steps in improving the program operation process was the
substitute letters symbols-mnemonic-for the numeric machine operation codes.
Assembler:-
A program
written in assembly languages have to be ‘assembled’ or translate into machine
code is known as assembler.
¦ Fewer
errors are made, and those that are made easier to find.
¦ Assembly
language programs are easier to modify than machine language.
¦ Direct
communication with machine language.
Demerits:
¦ Coding in
LLL is time consuming.
¦ A big
drawback of assembly language is that they are machine oriented.
¦ They are
designed for the specific make and model of processor being used.
r HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:-
High level
language is symbolic language that was introduced in third generation of
computer. HLL are easy to low level language because it use simple English
language words which are readable for human.
r LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:-
1. Compiler:-
A source
program written in HLL must also be translated into machine usable code. A
translating program can perform this operation is called a compiler.
OR
To convert source program into object
program permanently is known as compiler. It converts the whole program and
gives the result of error list, if any:
2. Interpreter:-
Interpreter
is also a program that converts source program into object program by reading
step by step programs never completely convert into object program.
3. Assembler:-
A program
written in assembly languages have to be ‘assembled’ or translate into machine
code is known as assembler.
SOME COMMON HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE:-
BASIC:
Basic (Beginners
all purpose symbolic instruction code) was completely introduced into 1970s
(4GL). K.G. Kemeny and Thomson E. Kurtz professors of Darthmouth College USA
FORTRAN:
FORTRAN
(Formula Translation) was developed by IBM Company in 1954. Its is a scientific
language very good at handling difficult mathematics.
COBOL:
COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language) was introduced in 1959 by CODASYL
(conference Data System Languages). This language was developed to provide a
standard language for business.
RPG:
Report
Program Generator. It was introduced in 1960s, primarily to process business
application on small business computers. As the name suggest, RPG is designed
to generate output reports, but it can also be used to periodically update file.
PASCAL:
PASCAL,
named in honor of Blaise Pascal. Professor Nicklause Wirth at Switzerland
C LANGUAGE:
The C
language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, was used to write and early
version UNIX Operating system. There are many other versions of C that run on
PC’s and larger machine. C language is also called purpose high level language.
r VISUAL LANGUAGES:-
Now a days,
computer works in windows environment, those language which can work in windows
operating system and make visualize programs is knows as Visual languages. Visual
languages are also called Object Oriented Languages (OOP). Some of the
following languages are as follows:
¦ VISUAL
BASIC
¦ VISUAL JAVA
¦ VISUAL C
¦ VISUAL
FOXPRO
¦ HTML
VISUAL BASIC:
Visual
BASIC, advanced version of BASIC by Microsoft Corporation in 1992. This
language just work on windows environment. It is very easy language for prepare
visualize program or visual effects.
VISUAL JAVA:-
The
internet language made by Microsoft Corporation in 1996. Actually JAVA is a
internet web page designing language. In these days. JAVA is most popular
language for new programmers.
VISUAL FOXPRO:
Visual
FOXPRO also made by Microsoft Corporation in 1994. Basically, FOXPRO was the
data base language but the Visual FOXPRO can make the visualize data base.
HTML:
HTML stands
for Hyper Text Markup Language. Used in web application or web page designing.
This language is very popular for internet users.
SOFTWARE
Software is
planned, step by step set of instruction required to run data into information,
that makes a computer useful.
Generally
speaking software can be categorized as system software or application software.
 |
| Network Operating Systems |
r WINDOWS 95:
Windows
95 is a self contained operating system. It was offered as a new and distinct
operating system, and thus requires no pre-installed DOS. Windows 95 presents a
graphical display made up of icons. Windows 95 users can enjoy by down loading
and installing the most recent version of Internet Explorer.
r WINDOWS 95:
Windows
98 is built on the same code base as windows 95. Windows 98 offers a variety of
improvements. The screen look is much the same as windows 95. windows 98 has
following features.
a.
Internet/ Internet browsing capabilities
b.
Support for state of the art hardware
c.
Support for huge disk drives
d.
TV viewer and broadcast ability
e.
Wizards
f.
Improved backup
g.
Improved interfaces with other software
h.
New and improve networking feature
i.
Increased security
r WINDOWS-NT (NOS):
Windows-NT
is a power full client/server operating system that is emerging as the choice
for business doing client / server computing. Windows NT ahs two components:
(i)
Windows NT workstation (for the client side)
(ii)
Windows NT server (for the server side)
The
two components work together to enable client/ server computing. Windows NT is
meant mostly for corporate, networked environments. It has much stronger
security features. It requires much more memory and hard disk space. It is
unable to run older programs, especially games.
r WINDOWS CE:
Windows
CE operating system is designed for handled and pocket PCs. Windows CE users
can share information with other windows based PCs. They can connect to the
Internet.
r UNIX:
Unix
is a powerful and popular operating system. Unix is the most widely available
Multiuser operating system toady. Some form of UNIX is available for personal
computers, workstations, servers and mainframes. Unix is still the dominant
operating system on the internet and the DOS like character based UNIX
interface is still widely used on internet hosts. UNIX commands are a fact of
life for many internet users.
r LAN & WAN:
Ethernet
and Omninet are the examples of LAN and WAN respectively. These are digital
communication systems developed to operate national wide or world wide through
telephone lines, microwaves and satellite links.
WORD PROCESSING
Word
Processing is computer based creating editing, formatting, storing, retrieving
and printing of a text and graphic in one document
FEATURES WORD PROCESSING
Word
Processing packages have the following advantages.
r ENTERING TEXT:
As
you type on the keyboard, your text is displayed on the screen and stored in
the computer’s ROM.
r FORMATTING:
(i)
Vertical
Centering:
It is
adjust the top and bottom margins of the page so that the text is centered
vertically on the printed page.
(ii)
Line
Centering:
Any line
can be individually centered between left and right margins of the page.
(iii) Margins:
When the
margin setting are changes, word processing software automatically adjust the
text to fit the new margins.
(iv)
Tab and
Indentation :
It is
common to tab just once to being a paragraph. It can indent and entire
paragraph.
(v)
Justification:
The
evenness of text at the side margins is called justification. The program
adjusts each line so that it ends exactly at the right margin, spacing the
words evenly. When only left justification is desired; this is referred to as
ragged right text because of the uneven appearance of the unjustified right
side.
(vi)
Line
Spacing:
It is
convenient by word processing to create double or triple space as required,
between the lines of your document.
(vii) Bold, Italic and Underlining:
Certain
words, phrases or even entire paragraph, can be given emphasis by using a
darker text, or by using the slanted type called italic or by underlining
important words.
(viii) Fonts:
Word
processing packages offer an amazing variety of fonts.
r SELECTION OF A TEXT:
Block of a text may be marked or selected.
r CUTTING AND PASTING:
The
cut command removes the block from its old location and the paste command
places the block in its new location.
r COPYING:
You mark the text block then copy, then move the
cursor to new location and finally paste it.
r DELETING:
With
the help of delete command we mark the text block, then press the delete key to
delete the text.
r SPELLING CHECKER:
A
spelling checker program finds spelling errors you may have made when typing a
document.
r THESAURUS:
A
thesaurus program offers synonyms and antonyms.
r SEARCH:
By
using a search command we can find word or word on the exact page and place
where it is located
r PAGINATION:
Word
processing programs offer every paging option, e.g. page number may be located
at the top or bottom and to the right, left or centre or even alternating right
and left of the page.
r PRINT PREVIEW:
With
a single command a user can view the entire page on the screen in reduced size.
r HEADER AND FOOTERS:
Header
(top of the page) and footers (bottom of the page) appear on every page of a
document.
r FOOTNOTES:
By
using footnote command you can type the footnote.
FUNDAMENTALS OF SPREADSHEET
r ROWS AND COLUMNS:
A spreadsheet is divide into row (horizontal) and columns
(vertical). The rows have numeric label while columns have alphabetical label.
r CELL:
The box representing the intersection of a row and a column
is called a cell.
r CELL ADRESS:
Every cell in this grid has a unique address made up of a row
number and column letter. For example the cell in the upper left corner of the
grid is called cell A1 (column A, row1).
r VALUES:
a values in and actual number entered into a cell to be used
in calculations. Numbers in worksheet cell can represent wages, test scores,
weather data etc.
r FORMULA:
A formula is a step by step instruction to the program to
calculate a number. The simplest spreadsheet formulas are arithmetic
expressions using +, -, *, and / to represent addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
r LABEL:
A label provides descriptive text information about entries
in the spread sheet, such as a person’s name.
FEATURES OF SPREADSHEET
r COLUMN WIDTH:
Width of the column can be changed as per requirement.
r HEADINGS:
Heading can be invoked as a wide column and can even be
centered if required.
r NUMBER SYMBOLS:
A number value can be shown with a dollar sign ($), a percent
(%), command and decimal places as desired.
r FONT AND JUSTIFICATION:
Spread sheet data can be presented in one of the given fonts.
Further more, data can be centered within the cell or can be justified right or
left within the cell.
r AUTOMATIC REPLICATION:
Most worksheets contain a great deal of repetition e.g.
weekly time table, budget etc. Many spread sheet commands streamline entry of
repetitive data, labels and formulas.
r AUTOMATIC RECALCULATION:
For large complicated worksheet recalculation can be slow, so
most spread sheets allow you to turn off the automatic recalculation feature
and recalculate the worksheet only when you need it. It provides an easy correction
of errors also.
r LINKING:
Sometimes a change in one worksheet produces changes in
another worksheet. Most spread programs allow to create automatic links between
worksheets so when values change in one, all linked worksheets are updated
automatically.
r MACROS:
Most spread sheets allow the user to follow sequence of
steps, called custom designed procedures called macros that can be added to
existing menu of options.
r TEMPLATES:
In spreadsheets software, a worksheet that contains label and
formula but no data values is called template. The template produces instant
answers when you fill in the blanks.
r DECORATION:
Most modern spread sheets include decorative features such as
text style, cell dimension, borders and colour option.
r DATABASE CAPABILITIES:
Many programs of spread sheet can perform basic database
function such as storage and retrieval of information, searching, sorting,
report generation and mail merge.
r PRINTING:
Spreadsheet software offers several printing options. For
example a spread sheet may be centered on the printed page. Margins may be
altered. The entire page may be printed side ways, that is horizontally instead
of vertically. Vertical and horizontal grid lines may be hidden on the printed
page.
SHORT QUESTION
Q: What is source program?
A: A program written by a programmer in a language
other than machine language is called a source program.
Q: What is object program?
A: The output from a compile or an assembler,
which consists of machine language instruction is called the object program.
Q: Write a note on JAVA?
A: Java is a network friendly programming language,
derived form C-language, that allow software to run on many different
platforms. Today many programmers are writing their programs in java. Java
applications run nearly anywhere without needing additional software to be
installed.
Q: Define spreadsheet and
spread sheet file.
A: SPREADSHEET:
“It
is a program software that permits users to work with rows an columns of data”.
SPREADSHEET FILE:
It
is file containing data and formulas in
tabular format.
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